11. Where I'm From
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Japanese builds country-related words by adding pieces to the country name. Add 人 to get "person from that country" (日本人, a Japanese person) and 語 to get "that country's language" (日本語, Japanese). The same pattern works for other countries too — once you know a country name, you automatically know how to say its people and language.
When you say you like something in Japanese, the thing you like is marked with が, not は. So it's 日本語が好きです (I like Japanese), not 日本語は好きです. This feels backwards from English — in English you say "I like X" but in Japanese the pattern is closer to "X is liked (by me)."
外国人 simply means "person from outside the country" and is the standard, neutral way to say foreigner. It's used on signs, in news, and in everyday conversation without any negative feeling. You might also hear 外人, which is a casual shortening — some people find it too blunt, so 外国人 is the safer choice.