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54. Character & Degree

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Vocabulary

優しい (やさしい) yasashii

kind, gentle

い-word

A describing word that ends in い. You change the ending to express different meanings — like 高い (expensive) becomes 高くない (not expensive).

Present
優しい (やさしい)
yasashii
あの人は優しいです
ano hito wa yasashii desu — That person is kind
Negative
優しくない (やさしくない)
yasashikunai
あの先生はあまり優しくないです
ano sensei wa amari yasashikunai desu — That teacher is not very kind
Formal negative
優しくないです (やさしくないです)
yasashikunai desu
全然優しくないです
zenzen yasashikunai desu — They are not kind at all
Past
優しかった (やさしかった)
yasashikatta
お母さんはずっと優しかったです
okaasan wa zutto yasashikatta desu — My mom was always kind
Formal past
優しかったです (やさしかったです)
yasashikatta desu
先生はすごく優しかったです
sensei wa sugoku yasashikatta desu — The teacher was very kind
Past negative
優しくなかった (やさしくなかった)
yasashikunakatta
最近はあまり優しくなかったです
saikin wa amari yasashikunakatta desu — They were not very kind recently
あの先生は優しいです
ano sensei wa yasashii desu — That teacher is kind
優しい人が好きです
yasashii hito ga suki desu — I like kind people
お母さんはすごく優しいです
okaasan wa sugoku yasashii desu — My mom is very kind
汚い (きたない) kitanai

dirty

い-word

A describing word that ends in い. You change the ending to express different meanings — like 高い (expensive) becomes 高くない (not expensive).

Present
汚い (きたない)
kitanai
この部屋は汚いです
kono heya wa kitanai desu — This room is dirty
Negative
汚くない (きたなくない)
kitanakunai
あまり汚くないです
amari kitanakunai desu — It is not very dirty
Formal negative
汚くないです (きたなくないです)
kitanakunai desu
手は汚くないです
te wa kitanakunai desu — My hands are not dirty
Past
汚かった (きたなかった)
kitanakatta
昨日は部屋がすごく汚かったです
kinou wa heya ga sugoku kitanakatta desu — The room was very dirty yesterday
Formal past
汚かったです (きたなかったです)
kitanakatta desu
あの店は汚かったです
ano mise wa kitanakatta desu — That shop was dirty
Past negative
汚くなかった (きたなくなかった)
kitanakunakatta
全然汚くなかったです
zenzen kitanakunakatta desu — It was not dirty at all
この部屋は汚いです
kono heya wa kitanai desu — This room is dirty
手が汚いです
te ga kitanai desu — My hands are dirty
あまり汚くないです
amari kitanakunai desu — It is not very dirty
すごく sugoku

very, extremely

Adverb

A word that describes how, when, or how much something happens — like とても (very) or いつも (always).

すごく大きいです
sugoku ookii desu — It is very big
今日はすごく暑いです
kyou wa sugoku atsui desu — Today is extremely hot
すごくおいしいです
sugoku oishii desu — It is really delicious

Cultural Notes

全然 can be positive too

You might expect 全然 (not at all) to only go with negative sentences, but in casual Japanese, people use it with positive ones too. Saying 全然大丈夫 (totally fine) is extremely common in everyday conversation. Textbooks sometimes mark this as "incorrect," but real Japanese speakers say it all the time.

すごく vs すごい — same word, different job

すごく and すごい come from the same word, but すごく goes before another describing word to mean "very" (すごく優しい — very kind), while すごい stands on its own to mean "amazing." In casual speech, people sometimes use すごい where すごく should go, like すごいおいしい. You will hear this constantly, but すごく is the standard form.

Being direct about flaws in Japanese

Calling something 汚い (dirty) is pretty blunt in Japanese, just like in English. In polite situations, people soften it with あまり (not very) — saying あまりきれいじゃない (not very clean) instead of 汚い. This kind of softening is a big part of how Japanese speakers stay polite without lying.